Past longest-living cardinals
Revision as of 04:25, 20 June 2024 by Pikachu2023 (talk | contribs)
as of 2008.11.28
| Rank | Cardinal | Country | Born | Died | Age | Date entered |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Corrado Bafile | Italy | 1903.07.04 | 2005.02.03 | 101 years, 214 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 2 | Loris Francesco Capovilla | Italy | 1915.10.14 | 2016.05.26 | 100 years, 224 days | 2014.02.22
Alejandru Todea |
| 3 | José de Jesús Pimiento Rodriguez | Italy | 1919.02.18 | 2019.09.03 | 100 years, 197 days | 2015.02.14
José Clemente Maurer |
| 4 | Alexandre do Nascimento | Angola | 1925.03.01 | Alive | 100 years, 288 days | 2015.06.26
- |
| 5 | Ersilio Tonini | Italy | 1914.07.20 | 2013.07.28 | 99 years, 8 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 6 | Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir | Lebanon | 1920.05.15 | 2019.05.12 | 98 years, 362 days | 2009.01.25
Original |
| 7 | Paul Augustin Mayer | Germany | 1911.05.23 | 2010.04.30 | 98 years, 342 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 8 | Ignatius Kung Pin-mei | China | 1901.08.02 | 2000.03.12 | 98 years, 223 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| Franz König | Austria | 1905.08.03 | 2004.03.13 | 2008.11.28
Original | ||
| 10 | Jozef Tomko | Slovakia | 1924.03.11 | 2022.08.08 | 98 years 150 days | 2014.02.12
Paul Gouyon |
| 11 | Estanislao Esteban Karlic | Argentina | 1926.02.07 | Alive | 99 years, 310 days | 2016.10.17
Lorenzo Antonetti |
| 12 | Fiorenzo Angelini | Italy | 1916.08.01 | 2014.11.22 | 98 years, 113 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 13 | Albert Vanhoye, SJ | France | 1923.07.24 | 2021.07.29 | 98 years, 5 days | 2013.03.03
dalla Costa/Gagnon |
| 14 | Paolo Dezza, S.J. | Italy | 1901.12.13 | 1999.12.17 | 98 years, 4 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 15 | Alexandre José María dos Santos, O.F.M. | Mozambique | 1924.03.18 | 2021.09.29 | 97 years, 195 days | 2014.06.06
Juan Francisco Frenso |
| 16 | Emmanuel Wamala | Uganda | 1926.12.15 | Alive | 98 years, 364 days | 2017.11.14
- |
| 17 | Alfons Maria Stickler | Austria | 1910.08.23 | 2007.12.12 | 97 years, 111 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 18 | Luis Pascual Dri OFM Cap. | Argentina | 1927.04.17 | Alive | 98 years, 241 days | 2023.09.23
Carlos Carmelo Vascocellos Motta |
| 19 | Henryk Gulbinowicz | Poland | 1923.10.17 | 2020.11.16 | 97 years, 30 days | 2013.06.10
Aponte Martínez |
| 20 | Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli, O.F.M. | Italy | 1896.07.14 | 1993.07.12 | 96 years, 363 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 21 | Roger Etchegaray | France | 1922.09.25 | 2019.09.04 | 96 years, 344 days | 2012.04.21
Sayegh |
| 22 | Johannes Willebrands | Netherlands | 1909.09.04 | 2008.08.02 | 96 years, 331 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 23 | Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte | Italy | 1851.04.10 | 1948.02.16 | 96 years, 312 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 24 | Edward Cassidy | Australia | 1924.07.05 | 2021.04.10 | 96 years, 279 days | 2014.09.29
Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez |
| 25 | Kazimierz Świątek | Belgium | 1914.10.21 | 2011.07.21 | 96 years, 273 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 26 | José da Costa Nuñes | Portugal | 1880.03.15 | 1976.11.29 | 96 years, 259 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 27 | Giovanni Canestri | Italy | 1918.09.30 | 2006.04.29 | 96 years, 211 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 28 | Domenico Bartolucci | Italy | 1917.05.17 | 2013.11.11 | 96 years, 188 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 29 | Adam Kozłowiecki, S.J. | Zambia | 1911.04.01 | 2007.09.28 | 96 years, 180 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 30 | Francisco Álvarez Martínez | Spain | 1925.07.14 | 2022.01.05 | 96 years, 175 days | 2015.11.08
Tomáš Špidlík/Draisamy Simon Lourdusamy |
| 31 | Mikel Koliqi | Albania | 1900.09.29 | 1997.01.28 | 96 years, 121 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 32 | Friedrich Wetter | Germany | 1928.02.28 | Alive | 97 years, 289 days | 2019.03.28
Gerald Emmett Carter |
| 33 | Francesco Morano | italy | 1872.06.08 | 1968.07.12 | 96 years, 34 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 34 | Luigi De Magistris | Italy | 1926.02.23 | 2022.02.16 | 95 years 358 days | 2016.11.15
Antonio Caggiano |
| 35 | José Freire Falcão | Brazil | 1925.10.23 | 2021.09.26 | 95 years, 338 days | 2016.04.27
Aurelio Sabattani |
| 36 | Pietro Parente | Italy | 1891.02.16 | 1986.12.29 | 95 years, 316 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 37 | Achille Silvestrini | Italy | 1923.10.25 | 2019.08.29 | 95 years, 308 days | 2013.07.04
Phạm Ðình Tụng |
| 38 | Ernest Simoni | Albania | 1928.10.18 | Alive | 97 years, 57 days | 2019.12.17
Yves Congar |
| 39 | Agostino Cacciavillan | Italy | 1926.08.14 | 2022.03.05 | 95 years, 204 days | 2017.06.06
Amleto GIovanni Cicongani |
| 40 | Henri de Lubac S.J. | France | 1896.02.20 | 1991.09.04 | 95 years, 196 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 41 | Walter Brandmüller | Germany | 1929.01.05 | Alive | 96 years, 343 days | 2020.04.07
Benedetto Aloisi Masella |
| 42 | Michael Michai Kitbunchu | Thailand | 1929.01.25 | Alive | 96 years, 323 days | 2020.05.17
François-Marie de Rovérié de Cabrières |
| 43 | Paulo Evaristo Arns | Brazil | 1921.09.14 | 2016.12.14 | 95 years, 91 days | 2010.08.19
Ottaviani |
| 44 | Serafim Fernandes de Araújo | Brazil | 1924.08.13 | 2019.10.08 | 95 years, 56 days | 2014.11.03
Michelangelo Celesia |
| 45 | Alberto Di Jorio | Italy | 1884.07.18 | 1979.09.05 | 95 years, 49 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 46 | Corrado Ursi | Italy | 1908.07.26 | 2003.08.29 | 95 years, 34 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 47 | Jorge Medina | Chile | 1926.12.23 | 2021.10.03 | 94 years, 284 days | 2017.11.22
Giuseppe Carpio/Desmond Connell |
| 48 | Julijans Vaivods | Latvia | 1895.08.18 | 1990.05.24 | 94 years, 279 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 49 | Carlos María de la Torre | Ecuador | 1873.11.15 | 1968.07.31 | 94 years, 259 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 50 | Louis-Albert Vachon | Canada | 1912.02.04 | 2006.09.29 | 94 years, 237 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 51 | Egano Righi-Lambertini | Italy | 1906.02.22 | 2000.10.04 | 94 years, 225 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 52 | Angelo Sodano | Italy | 1927.11.23 | 2022.05.27 | 94 years, 205 days | 2018.11.16
Patrick Aloysius O'Boyle |
| 53 | Gilberto Agustoni | Italy | 1922.07.26 | 2017.01.22 | 94 years, 171 days | 2012.01.08
Giovanni Colombo |
| 54 | Eduardo Martínez Somalo | Spain | 1927.03.31 | 2021.08.10 | 94 years, 142 days | 2018.04.11
Pablo Muñoz Vega |
| 55 | Giovanni Cheli | Italy | 1918.10.04 | 2013.02.08 | 94 years 122 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 56 | Adam Maida | United States | 1930.03.18 | Alive | 95 years, 271 days | 2021.10.03
Enrique Pla y Deniel |
| 57 | Julian Herranz Casado | Spain | 1930.03.31 | Alive | 95 years, 258 days | 2021.11.30
Eugênio Sales |
| 58 | Giuseppe Sensi | Italy | 1907.05.27 | 2001.07.26 | 94 years, 60 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 59 | Marian Jaworski | Poland | 1926.08.21 | 2020.09.05 | 94 years 13 days | 2017.07.13
Luigi di Canossa |
| 60 | Carlo Furno | Italy | 1921.12.02 | 2015.12.09 | 94 years, 7 days | 2010.12.10
Achille Liénart |
| 61 | Prosper Grech, O.S.A. | Malta | 1925.12.24 | 2019.12.30 | 94 years, 6 days | 2016.08.08
Silvio Oddi |
| 62 | Roberto Tucci | Italy | 1921.04.19 | 2015.04.14 | 93 years, 360 days | 2010.03.18
F. Ricard |
| 63 | Georges Cottier OP | Switzerland | 1922.04.25 | 2016.03.31 | 93 years, 341 days | 2011.09.28
Fernando Cento |
| 64 | John Carberry | United States | 1904.07.31 | 1998..06.17 | 93 years, 321 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 65 | Paul Poupard | France | 1930.08.30 | Alive | 95 years, 106 days | 2022.05.05
Stanisław Nagy |
| 66 | Salvatore De Giorgi | Italy | 1930.09.06 | Alive | 95 years, 99 days | 2022.06.08
Ján Chryzostom Korec |
| 67 | Paolo Bertoli | Italy | 1908.02.01 | 2001.11.08 | 93 years, 280 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 68 | Thomas Williams | United States | 1930.03.20 | 2023.12.22 | 93 years. 276 days | 2021.10.24
Sebastian Koto Khoarai |
| 69 | Opilio Rossi | United States | 1910.05.14 | 2004.02.09 | 93 years, 271 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 70 | Janis Pujats | Latvia | 1930.11.14 | Alive | 95 years, 30 days | 2022.09.02
Leo Jozef Suenens |
| 71 | Vincenzo Vannutelli | Italy | 1836.12.05 | 1930.07.09 | 93 years, 216 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 72 | José Manuel Estepa Llaurens | Spain | 1926.01.01 | 2019.07.21 | 93 years, 201 days | 2016.08.21
Edweard Clancy |
| 73 | Jean Margéot | Mauritius | 1916.02.03 | 2009.07.17 | 93 years, 164 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 74 | Teodolfo Mertel | Italy | 1806.02.09 | 1899.17.11 | 93 years, 152 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 75 | Simon Pimenta | Italy | 1920.03.01 | 2013.02.19 | 93 years, 140 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 76 | Camillo Ruini | Italy | 1931.02.19 | Alive | 94 years, 298 days | 2022.12.28
Jorge María Mejía |
| 77 | František Tomášek | Czechoslovakia | 1899.06.30 | 1992.08.04 | 93 years, 35 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 78 | Alfredo Scherer | Brazil | 1903.02.05 | 1996.03.09 | 93 years, 33 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 79 | Lucian Mureșan | Romania | 1931.05.23 | Alive | 94 years, 205 days | 2023.05.16
José Tomás Sánchez |
| 80 | Giuseppe Pizzardo |
Italy |
1877.07.13 | 1970.08.01 | 93 years, 19 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 81 | James Francis McIntyre | United States | 1886.06.25 | 1979.07.16 | 93 years, 14 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 82 | Carlo Confalonieri | Italy | 1893.07.25 | 1986.08.01 | 93 years, 7 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 83 | Alessandro Verde | Italy | 1865.03.27 | 1958.03.29 | 93 years, 2 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 84 | Julien Ries | Belgium | 1920.04.19 | 2013.02.23 | 92 years, 310 days | 2009.03.18
Ricard |
| 85 | Juan Carlos Aramburu | Argentina | 1912.02.11 | 2004.11.18 | 92 years, 281 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 86 | Sergio Sebastiani | Italy | 1931.04.11 | 2024.01.16 | 92 years, 280 days | 2023.02.19
Jozef Frings |
| 87 | Paolo Giobbe | Italy | 1880.01.10 | 1972.08.14 | 92 years, 217 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 88 | Josyf Slipyj | Ukraine | 1892.02.17 | 1984.09.07 | 92 years, 203 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| Léon-Étienne Duval | Algeria | 1903.11.09 | 1996.05.30 | 2008.11.28
Original | ||
| 90 | Jean Honoré | France | 1920.08.13 | 2013.02.28 | 92 years, 199 days | 2009.05.26
Corripio y Ahumada |
| 91 | Joseph Asajirō Satowaki | Japan | 1904.02.01 | 1996.05.08 | 92 years, 189 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 92 | José Saraiva Martins C.M.F. | Portugal | 1932.01.06 | Alive | 93 years, 342 days | 2024.03.30
Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo |
| 93 | José María Caro Rodríguez | Chile | 1866.06.23 | 1958.12.04 | 92 years, 164 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 94 | Luigi Poggi | Italy | 1917.11.25 | 2010.05.04 | 92 years, 160 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 95 | Joseph Zen S.D.B. | Portugal | 1932.01.13 | Alive | 93 years, 335 days | 2024.04.13
Cahal Brendan Daly |
| 96 | Silvano Piovanelli | Italy | 1924.02.21 | 2016.07.09 | 92 years, 139 days | 2013.12.19
Peter Porekuu Dery |
| 97 | Maurice Feltin | France | 1883.05.05 | 1975.09.27 | 92 years, 135 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 98 | Giuseppe Casoria | Italy | 1908.10.01 | 2001.02.08 | 92 years, 130 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 99 | Augusto da Silva | Brazil | 1876.04.13 | 1958.08.14 | 92 years, 128 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 100 | Miguel Obando Bravo, S.D.B. | Nicaragua | 1926.02.02 | 2018.06.03 | 92 years, 121 days | 2016.10.08
Giovanni Mercati |
| 1xx | Gabriel-Marie Garrone | France | 1901.10.12 | 1994.11.15 | 92 years, 95 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| Cardinal | Country | Born | Died | Age | Date entered | |
| Gabriel-Marie Garrone | France | 1901.10.12 | 1994.11.15 | 92 years, 95 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Cahal Brendan Daly | United Kingdom
(Northern Ireland) |
1917.10.01 | 2009.12.31 | 92 years, 91 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo | Italy | 1925.08.27 | 2017.11.19 | 92 years, 84 days | 2016.02.24
Urbano Navarrete Cortés | |
| Carlos Carmelo Vascocellos Motta | Brazil | 1890.07.16 | 1982.09.18 | 92 years, 62 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| José Tomás Sánchez | Philippines | 1920.03.17 | 2012.03.09 | 91 years, 358 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Josef Frings | Germany | 1887.02.06 | 1978.12.17 | 91 years, 314 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Jorge María Mejía | Argentina | 1923.01.31 | 2014.12.09 | 91 years, 312 days | 2012.09.09
- | |
| Leo Jozef Suenens | Belgium | 1904.07.16 | 1996.05.06 | 91 years, 295 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Ján Chryzostom Korec, S.J. | Slovakia | 1924.01.22 | 2015.10.24 | 91 years, 275 days | 2013.10.23
François Marty | |
| Stanisław Nagy, S.C.I. | Poland | 1921.09.30 | 2013.06.05 | 91 years, 248 days | 2010.10.04
Ghattas | |
| Eugênio Sales | Brazil | 1920.11.08 | 2012.07.09 | 91 years, 244 days | 2009.09.14
Fossati | |
| Sebastian Koto Khoarai OMI | Lesotho | 1929.09.11 | 2021.04.17 | 91 years, 218 days | 2021.01.07
Pietro Pavan | |
| Enrique Pla y Deniel | Spain | 1876.12.19 | 1968.07.05 | 91 years, 199 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Pietro Pavan | Italy | 1903.08.30 | 1994.12.26 | 91 years, 118 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| François-Marie de Rovérié de Cabrières | France | 1830.08.30 | 1921.12.21 | 91 years, 113 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Benedetto Aloisi Masella | Italy | 1879.06.29 | 1970.09.30 | 91 years, 93 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Yves Congar, O.P. | France | 1904.04.16 | 1995.06.22 | 91 years, 70 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Gerald Emmett Carter | Canada | 1912.03.01 | 2003.04.06 | 91 years, 28 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Patrick Aloysius O’Boyle | United States | 1896.07.18 | 1987.08.10 | 91 years, 23 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Pablo Muñoz Vega, S.J. | Ecuador | 1903.05.23 | 1994.06.03 | 91 years, 11 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Giuseppe Caprio | Italy | 1914.11.15 | 2005.10.15 | 90 years, 334 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Desmond Connell | Ireland | 1926.03.24 | 2017.02.21 | 2016.12.22
Anton Jozef Gruscha | ||
| Luigi Di Canossa | Italy | 1809.04.20 | 1900.03.12 | 90 years, 326 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Amleto Giovanni Cicognani | Italy | 1883.02.24 | 1973.12.17 | 90 years, 296 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Anton Josef Gruscha | Austria | 1820.11.03 | 1911.08.05 | 90 years, 275 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Antonio Caggiano | Italy | 1889.01.30 | 1979.10.23 | 90 years, 266 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Lorenzo Antonetti | Italy | 1922.07.31 | 2013.04.10 | 90 years, 253 days | 2012.01.18
Newman | |
| Giovanni Mercati | Italy | 1866.12.17 | 1957.08.23 | 90 years, 249 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Edward Clancy | Australia | 1923.12.13 | 2014.08.03 | 90 years, 233 days | 2013.09.03
Marella | |
| Silvio Oddi | Italy | 1910.11.14 | 2001.06.29 | 90 years, 227 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Aurelio Sabattani | Italy | 1912.10.18 | 2003.04.19 | 90 years, 183 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Urbano Navarrete Cortés, S.J. | Spain | 1920.05.25 | 2010.11.23 | 90 years, 181 days | 2009.03.04
Capaceletro | |
| Tomáš Špidlík, S.J. | Czech Republic | 1919.12.17 | 2010.04.16 | 90 years, 117 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy | India | 1924.02.05 | 2014.06.02 | 2013.11.16
Ángel Suquía Goicoechea | ||
| José Clemente Maurer, C.Ss.R. | Bolivia | 1900.03.13 | 1990.06.13 | 90 years, 106 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Michelangelo Celesia, O.S.B. Cas. | Italy | 1814.01.13 | 1904.04.14 | 90 years, 92 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez | Mexico | 1895.12.19 | 1986.03.15 | 90 years, 86 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Juan Francisco Fresno | Chile | 1914.07.26 | 2004.10.14 | 90 years, 80 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Alexandru Todea | Rominia | 1912.06.05 | 2002.05.22 | 89 years, 351 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Paul Gouyon | France | 1910.10.24 | 2000.09.26 | 89 years, 338 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Peter Proekuu Dery | Ghana | 1918.05.10 | 2008.03.06 | 89 years, 301 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Ángel Suquía Goicoechea | Spain | 1916.10.02 | 2006.07.13 | 89 years, 284 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| François Marty | France | 1904.05.18 | 1994.02.16 | 89 years, 274 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Paolo Marella | Italy | 1895.01.25 | 1984.10.15 | 89 years, 264 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Paul-Joseph Phạm Ðình Tụng | Vietnam | 1919.06.19 | 2009.02.22 | 89 years, 252 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Luis Aponte Martínez | Cuba | 1922.08.04 | 2012.04.10 | 89 years, 250 days | 2012.02.24
W. T. Heard | |
| Elia dala Costa | Italy | 1872.05.14 | 1959.12.22 | 89 years, 222 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Édouard Gagnon, P.S.S. | Canada | 1918.11.15 | 2007.08.25 | 2008.11.28
Original | ||
| Maximos IV Sayegh | Syria | 1878.04.10 | 1967.11.05 | 89 years, 209 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| William Theodore Heard | United Kingdom
(Scotland) |
1884.02.24 | 1973.06.16 | 89 years, 204 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| John Henry Newman, C.O. | United Kingdom
(England) |
1801.02.21 | 1890.08.11 | 89 years, 171 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Giovanni Colombo | Italy | 1902.12.06 | 1992.05.20 | 89 years, 166 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Fernando Cento | Italy | 1883.08.10 | 1973.01.13 | 89 years, 156 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Achille Liénart | France | 1884.02.07 | 1973.02.15 | 89 years, 8 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Stéphanos II Ghattas (Coptic Rite) | Egypt | 1920.01.16 | 2009.01.20 | 89 years, 4 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Alfredo Ottaviani | Italy | 1890.10.29 | 1979.08.03 | 88 years, 339 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| François-Marie-Benjamin Richard | France | 1819.03.01 | 1908.01.28 | 88 years, 333 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Maurilio Fossati O.Ss.G.C.N. | France | 1876.05.24 | 1965.03.30 | 88 years, 310 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada | Mexico | 1919.06.29 | 2008.04.10 | 88 years, 286 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Alfonso Capecelatro CO | Italy | 1824.02.05 | 1912.11.14 | 88 years, 283 days | 2008.11.28
Original | |
| Alois Grillmeier | Germany | 1910.01.01 | 1998.09.13 | 88 years, 255 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| Cardinal | Country | Born | Died | Age | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|