List of longest-living cardinals
This article lists the 100 longest known living or deceased Members of the College of Cardinals (born non earlier than 01 January 1800), and whose ages are documented in reliable sources. Those currently living are in bold on gold. The longest-lived was Portuguese, The longest-lived Cardinal was Italian Corrado Bafile (1903-2005) who lived to 101 years, 214 days.
Gallery
Oldest:
Italy
Corrado Bafile
2nd-Oldest ever:
Italy
Loris Francesco Capovilla
3rd-Oldest:
Colombia
José de Jesús Pimiento Rodriguez
4th-oldest ever:
Angola
Alexandre do Nascimiento
List
ages are up-to-date 11/28/2024
| Cardinal | Country | Born |
Died |
Age | date Entered After | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Corrado Bafile | Italy | 1903.07.04 | 2005.02.03 | 101 years, 214 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 2 | Loris Francesco Capovilla | Italy | 1915.10.14 | 2016.05.26 | 100 years, 224 days | 2014.02.14 Juan Francisco Frenso |
| 3 | José de Jesús Pimiento Rodriguez | Italy | 1919.02.18 | 2019.09.03 | 100 years, 197 days | 2015.02.14 Tomáš Špidlík/Duraisamy Simon Loudusamy |
| 4 | Alexandre do Nascimento | Angola | 1925.03.01 | Alive | 99 years, 272 days | 2015.08.29 Urbano Navarrete Cortés |
| 5 | Ersilio Tonini | Italy | 1914.07.20 | 2013.07.28 | 99 years, 8 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 6 | Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir | Lebanon | 1920.05.15 | 2019.05.12 | 98 years, 362 days | 2009.03.29 Maurillo Fossati |
| 7 | Paul Augustin Mayer | Germany | 1911.05.23 | 2010.04.30 | 98 years, 342 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 8 | Ignatius Kung Pin-mei | China | 1901.08.02 | 2000.03.12 | 98 years, 223 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| Franz König | Austria | 1905.08.03 | 2004.03.13 | 2008.11.28 Original | ||
| 10 | Jozef Tomko | Slovakia | 1924.03.11 | 2022.08.08 | 98 years 150 days | 2014.06.05 Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez |
| 11 | Estanislao Esteban Karlic | Argentina | 1926.02.07 | Alive | 98 years, 295 days | 2016.10.30 Antonio Caggiano |
| 12 | Fiorenzo Angelini | Italy | 1916.08.01 | 2014.11.22 | 98 years, 113 days | 2008.11.28
Original |
| 13 | Albert Vanhoye, SJ | France | 1923.07.24 | 2021.07.29 | 98 years, 5 days | 2013.05.04 Luis Aponte Martínez |
| 14 | Paolo Dezza, S.J. | Italy | 1901.12.13 | 1999.12.17 | 98 years, 4 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 15 | Alexandre José María dos Santos, O.F.M. | Mozambique | 1924.03.18 | 2021.09.29 | 97 years, 195 days | 2014.06.18 Michelangelo Celesia |
| 16 | Emmanuel Wamala | Uganda | 1926.12.15 | Alive | 97 years, 349 days | 2017.11.14 Giuseppe Carpio/Desmond Connell |
| 17 | Alfons Maria Stickler | Austria | 1910.08.23 | 2007.12.12 | 97 years, 111 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 18 | Luis Pascual Dri OFM Cap. | Argentina | 1927.04.17 | Alive | 97 years, 225 days | 2023.09.30 Cahal Daly |
| 19 | Henryk Gulbinowicz | Poland | 1923.10.17 | 2020.11.16 | 97 years, 30 days | 2013.08.14 Paul Joseph Phạm Ðình Tụng |
| 20 | Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli, O.F.M. | Italy | 1896.07.14 | 1993.07.12 | 96 years, 363 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 21 | Roger Etchegaray | France | 1922.09.25 | 2019.09.04 | 96 years, 344 days | 2011.12.03 - |
| 22 | Johannes Willebrands | Netherlands | 1909.09.04 | 2008.08.02 | 96 years, 331 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 23 | Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte | Italy | 1851.04.10 | 1948.02.16 | 96 years, 312 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 24 | Edward Cassidy | Australia | 1924.07.05 | 2021.04.10 | 96 years, 279 days | 2014.10.19 José Clemente Maurer |
| 25 | Kazimierz Świątek | Belgium | 1914.10.21 | 2011.07.21 | 96 years, 273 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 26 | José da Costa Nuñes | Portugal | 1880.03.15 | 1976.11.29 | 96 years, 259 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 27 | Júlio Duarte Langa | Mozambique | 1927.10.27 | Alive | 97 years, 32 days | 2019.01.05 Yves Congar |
| 28 | Giovanni Canestri | Italy | 1918.09.30 | 2006.04.29 | 96 years, 211 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 29 | Domenico Bartolucci | Italy | 1917.05.17 | 2013.11.11 | 96 years, 188 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 30 | Adam Kozłowiecki, S.J. | Zambia | 1911.04.01 | 2007.09.28 | 96 years, 180 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 31 | Francisco Álvarez Martínez | Spain | 1925.07.14 | 2022.01.05 | 96 years, 175 days | 2016.01.16 Aurelio Sabattani |
| 32 | Mikel Koliqi | Albania | 1900.09.29 | 1997.01.28 | 96 years, 121 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 33 | Friedrich Wetter | Germany | 1928.02.28 | Alive | 96 years, 274 days | 2019.06.26 Pietro Pavan |
| 34 | Francesco Morano | italy | 1872.06.08 | 1968.07.12 | 96 years, 34 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 35 | Luigi De Magistris | Italy | 1926.02.23 | 2022.02.16 | 95 years 358 days | 2016.11.24 Anton Jozef Gruscha |
| 36 | José Freire Falcão | Brazil | 1925.10.23 | 2021.09.26 | 95 years, 338 days | 2016.06.12 Edward Clancy |
| 37 | Pietro Parente | Italy | 1891.02.16 | 1986.12.29 | 95 years, 316 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 38 | Achille Silvestrini | Italy | 1923.10.25 | 2019.08.29 | 95 years, 308 days | 2013.09.28 Paolo Marella |
| 39 | Ernest Simoni | Albania | 1928.10.18 | Alive | 96 years, 41 days | 2020.04.29 Raúl Silva Henríquez |
| 40 | Agostino Cacciavillan | Italy | 1926.08.14 | 2022.03.05 | 95 years, 204 days | 2017.07.06 Luigi di Cannosa |
| 41 | Henri de Lubac S.J. | France | 1896.02.20 | 1991.09.04 | 95 years, 196 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 42 | Walter Brandmüller | Germany | 1929.01.05 | Alive | 95 years, 328 days | 2020.07.22 Enrique Pla y Deniel |
| 43 | Michael Michai Kitbunchu | Thailand | 1929.01.25 | Alive | 95 years, 308 days | 2020.09.25 Eugênio Sales |
| 44 | Paulo Evaristo Arns | Brazil | 1921.09.14 | 2016.12.14 | 95 years, 91 days | 2010.08.22 Achille Liénart |
| 45 | Serafim Fernandes de Araújo | Brazil | 1924.08.13 | 2019.10.08 | 95 years, 56 days | 2014.12.08 - |
| 46 | Alberto Di Jorio | Italy | 1884.07.18 | 1979.09.05 | 95 years, 49 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 47 | Corrado Ursi | Italy | 1908.07.26 | 2003.08.29 | 95 years, 34 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 48 | Jorge Medina | Chile | 1926.12.23 | 2021.10.03 | 94 years, 284 days | 2018.01.03 Pablo Muñoz Vega |
|
49 |
Julijans Vaivods | Latvia | 1895.08.18 | 1990.05.24 | 94 years, 279 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 50 | Carlos María de la Torre | Ecuador | 1873.11.15 | 1968.07.31 | 94 years, 259 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 51 | Louis-Albert Vachon | Canada | 1912.02.04 | 2006.09.29 | 94 years, 237 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 52 | Egano Righi-Lambertini | Italy | 1906.02.22 | 2000.10.04 | 94 years, 225 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 53 | Angelo Sodano | Italy | 1927.11.23 | 2022.05.27 | 94 years, 205 days | 2019.24.24 Benedetto Aloisi Masella |
| 54 | Gilberto Agustoni | Italy | 1922.07.26 | 2017.01.22 | 94 years, 171 days | 2011.01.13 John Henry Newman |
| 55 | Eduardo Martínez Somalo | Spain | 1927.03.31 | 2021.08.10 | 94 years, 142 days | 2018.04.28 Gerard Emmett Carter |
| 56 | Giovanni Cheli | Italy | 1918.10.04 | 2013.02.08 | 94 years 122 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 57 | Adam Maida | United States | 1930.03.18 | Alive | 94 years, 255 days | 2021.11.21 Stanisław Nagy |
| 58 | Julian Herranz Casado | Spain | 1930.03.31 | Alive | 94 years, 242 days | 2022.01.20 Leo Jozef Suenens |
| 59 | Giuseppe Sensi | Italy | 1907.05.27 | 2001.07.26 | 94 years, 60 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 60 | Marian Jaworski | Poland | 1926.08.21 | 2020.09.05 | 94 years 13 days | 2017.07.21 small>- |
| 61 | Carlo Furno | Italy | 1921.12.02 | 2015.12.09 | 94 years, 7 days | 2011.05.17 Giovanni Colombo |
| 62 | Prosper Grech, O.S.A. | Malta | 1925.12.24 | 2019.12.30 | 94 years, 6 days | 2011.05.17 François-Marie de Rovérié de Cabrières |
| 63 | Roberto Tucci | Italy | 1921.04.19 | 2015.04.14 | 93 years, 360 days | 2010.04.23 Stephanos II Ghattas |
| 64 | Georges Cottier OP | Switzerland | 1922.04.25 | 2016.03.31 | 93 years, 341 days | 2010.10.08 Giovanni Colombo |
| 65 | John Carberry | United States | 1904.07.31 | 1998..06.17 | 93 years, 321 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 66 | Paul Poupard | France | 1930.08.30 | Alive | 94 years, 90 days | 2022.07.08 Jorge María Mejía |
| 67 | Salvatore De Giorgi | Italy | 1930.09.06 | Alive | 94 years, 83 days | 2022.07.17 Jzoef Frings |
| 68 | Sergio Sebastiani | Italy | 1931.04.11 | 2024.01.16 | 92 years, 280 days | 2023.07.04 Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo |
| 69 | Paolo Bertoli | Italy | 1908.02.01 | 2001.11.08 | 93 years, 280 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 70 | Thomas Williams | United States | 1930.03.20 | 2023.12.22 | 93 years. 276 days | 2021.12.20 Ján Chryzostom Korec |
| 71 | Opilio Rossi | United States | 1910.05.14 | 2004.02.09 | 93 years, 271 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 72 | Janis Pujats | Latvia | 1930.11.14 | Alive | 94 years, 14 days | 2022.04.17 José Tomás Sánchez |
| 73 | Vincenzo Vannutelli | Italy | 1836.12.05 | 1930.07.09 | 93 years, 216 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 74 | José Manuel Estepa Llaurens | Spain | 1926.01.01 | 2019.07.21 | 93 years, 201 days | 2016.09.06 Giovanni Mercati |
| 75 | Jean Margéot |
Mauritius |
1916.02.03 | 2009.07.17 | 93 years, 164 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 76 | Teodolfo Mertel | Italy | 1806.02.09 | 1899.027.11 | 93 years, 152 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 77 | Simon Pimenta | Italy | 1920.03.01 | 2013.07.19 | 93 years, 140 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 78 | Camillo Ruini | Italy | 1931.02.19 | Alive | 93 years, 283 days | 2023.04.12 Carlos Carmelo Vasconcellos Motta |
| 79 | František Tomášek | Czechoslovakia | 1899.06.30 | 1992.08.04 | 93 years, 35 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 80 | Alfredo Scherer | Brazil | 1903.02.05 | 1996.03.09 | 93 years, 33 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 81 | Lucian Mureșan | Romania | 1931.05.23 | Alive | 93 years, 189 days | 2023.08.22 Gabriel-Marie Garrone |
| 82 | James Francis McIntyre | United States | 1886.06.25 | 1979.07.16 | 93 years, 21 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 83 | Giuseppe Pizzardo | Italy | 1877.07.13 | 1970.08.01 | 93 years, 19 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 84 | Antonio Innocenti | Italy | 1915.08.23 | 2008.09.06 | 93 years, 14 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 85 | Carlo Confalonieri | Italy | 1893.07.25 | 1986.08.01 | 93 years, 7 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 86 | Alessandro Verde | Italy | 1865.03.27 | 1958.03.29 | 93 years, 2 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 87 | Julien Ries | Belgium | 1920.04.19 | 2013.02.23 | 92 years, 310 days | 2009.01.30 Corripio y Ahumada |
| 88 | Juan Carlos Aramburu | Argentina | 1912.02.11 | 2004.11.18 | 92 years, 281 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 89 | Paolo Giobbe | Italy | 1880.01.10 | 1972.08.14 | 92 years, 217 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 90 | Josyf Slipyj | Ukraine | 1892.02.17 | 1984.09.07 | 92 years, 203 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 91 | Léon-Étienne Duval | Algeria | 1903.11.09 | 1996.05.30 | 2008.11.28 Original | |
| 92 | Jean Honoré | France | 1920.08.13 | 2013.02.28 | 92 years, 199 days | 2009.07.18 Alfredo Ottaviani |
| 93 | Joseph Asajirō Satowaki | Japan | 1904.02.01 | 1996.05.08 | 92 years, 189 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 94 | José Saraiva Martins C.M.F. | Portugal | 1932.01.06 | Alive | 92 years, 327 days | 2024.05.06 Miguel Obando y Bravo |
| 95 | José María Caro Rodríguez | Chile | 1866.06.23 | 1958.12.04 | 92 years, 164 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 96 | Joseph Zen S.D.B. | Portugal | 1932.01.13 | Alive | 92 years, 320 days | 2024.05.20 Augusto da Silva |
| 97 | Luigi Poggi | Italy | 1917.11.25 | 2010.05.04 | 92 years, 160 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 98 | Silvano Piovanelli | Italy | 1924.02.21 | 2016.07.09 | 92 years, 139 days | 2014.02.07 Alejandru Todea |
| 99 | Maurice Feltin | France | 1883.05.05 | 1975.09.27 | 92 years, 135 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
| 100 | Giuseppe Casoria | Italy | 1908.10.01 | 2001.02.08 | 92 years, 130 days | 2008.11.28 Original |
Next to Join
| No. | Cardinal | Country | Born | Died | Age at Death | Age by 12-31-24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | James Stafford | United States | 1932.07.26 | alive | 92 years, 125 days | 92 years, 158 days |
| 2 | Gaudencio Rosales | Philippines | 1932.08.10 | alive | 92 years, 110 days | 92 years, 143 days |
| 3 | Francis Arinze | Nigeria | 1932.11.01 | Alive | 92 years, 27 days | 92 years, 60 days |
| 4 | Renato Martino | Italy | 1932.11.23 | Alive | 92 years, 5 days | 92 years, 38 days |
| 5 | Walter Kasper | Germany | 1933.03.05 | Alive | 91 years, 268 days | 91 years, 301 days |
| 6 | Juan Sandoval Íñiguez | Mexico | 1933.03.28 | Alive | 91 years, 245 days | 91 years, 278 days |
| 7 | Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa Isch | Chile | 1933.09.05 | Alive | 91 years, 84 days | 91 years, 117 days |
| 8 | Raffaele Farina SDB | Chile | 1933.09.24 | Alive | 91 years, 65 days | 91 years, 98 days |
| 9 | Giovanni Battista Re | Italy | 1934.01.30 | Alive | 90 years, 303 days | 90 years, 336 days |
| 10 | Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn | Vietnam | 1934.03.05 | Alive | 90 years, 268 days | 90 years, 301 days |
Chronological list of Oldest living members of the College of Cardinals
| Name | Country | Born | Time as oldest | Death and age | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Henry Newman | U.K. England |
1801.02.21 | ?? | 1890.08.11 89 years, 171 days | |
| Teodolfo Mertel | Italy | 1806.02.06 | 1899.08.11 | 1899.07.11 aged 93 years, 152 days | |
| Luigi Di Canossa | Italy | 04/20/1809 | 1899.07.11 | 1900.03.12 aged 90 years, 358 days | |
| Michelangelo Celesia | Italy | 1814.01.13 | 1900.03.12 | 1904.04.14 aged 90 years, 92 days | |
| François-Marie-Benjamin Richard | France | 1819.03.01 | 1904.04.14 | 1904.01.27 aged 88 years, 332 days | |
| Anton Josef Gruscha | Italy | 1820.11.03 | 1908.12.27 | 1911.08.05 aged 90 years, 275 daya | |
| Alfonso Capecelatro | Italy | 1824.02.05 | 1911.08.05 | 1912.11.14 aged 88 years, 283 days | |
| Angelo di Pierto | Italy | 1828.05.22 | 1912.11.14 | 1914.12.05 aged 86 years, 197 days | |
| François de Cabrières |
France |
1830.08.30 | 1914.12.05 | 1921.12.21 aged 91 years, 113 days | |
| Giuseppe Prisco | Italy | 1833.09.08 | 1921.12.21 | 1923.02.04 aged 89 years, 149 days | |
| Vincenzo Vannutelli | Italy | 1836.12.05 | 1923.02.04 | 1930.07.09 aged 93 years, 216 days | |
| Andreas Frühwirth | Austria | 1845.08.21 | 1930.07.09 | 1933.02.09 aged 87 years, 172 days | |
| Franz Ehrle | Germany | 1845.10.17 |
1933.02.09 |
1934.03.31 aged 88 years, 165 days | |
| Pierre Andrieu | France | 1849.12.07 | 1934.03.31 | 1935.02.15 aged 85 years, 70 days | |
| Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte | Italy | 1851.04.10 | 1935.02.15 | 1948.02.16 aged 96 years, 312 days | |
| Enrico Sibilia | Italy | 1861.03.17 | 1948.02.16 | 1948.08.04 aged 87 years, 140 days | |
| Alessandro Verde | Italy | 1865.03.27 | 1948.08.04 | 1958.03.29 aged 93 years, 2 days | |
| Jose Maria Caro | Chile | 1866.06.23 | 1958.03.29 | 1958.12.04 aged 92 years, 164 days | |
| Georges Grente | France | 1872.05.05 | 1958.12.04 | 1959.05.05 aged 87 years, 0 days | |
| Elia dala Costa | Italy | 1872.05.14 | 1959.05.05 | 1961.12.22 aged 89 years, 222 days | |
| Francesco Morano | Italy | 1872.06.08 | 1961.12.22 | 1968.07.12 aged 96 years, 34 days | |
| Carlos María de la Torre | Ecuador | 1873.11.15 | 1968.07.12 | 1968.07.31
aged 94 years, 259 days | |
| Augusto da Silva | Brazil | 1876.04.08 | 1968.07.31 | 1968.08.14 aged 92 years, 128 days | |
| Giuseppe Pizzardo | Italy | 1877.07.13 | 1968.08.14 | 1970.08.01 aged 93 years, 19 days | |
| Benedetto Aloisi Masella | Italy | 1879.06.29 | 1970.08.01 | 1970.09.30 aged 91 years, 93 days | |
| Paolo Giobbe | Italy |
1880.01.10 |
1970.09.30 | 1970.09.30 aged 92 years, 217 days | |
| José da Costa Nunes | Portugal | 1880.03.15 | 1972.08.14 |
1976.11.29 aged 96 years, 259 days | |
| Alberto di Jorio | Italy | 1884.07.18 | 1976.11.29 | 1979.09.05 aged 95 years, 49 days | |
| Antonio Caggiano | Argentina | 1889.01.30 | 1979.09.05 | 1979.10.23 aged 90 years, 266 days | |
| Carlos Carmelo Vasconcellos Motta | Brazil | 1890.07.16 | 1979.10.23 | 1982.09.18 aged 92 years, 64 days | |
| Pietro Parente | Italy | 1891.02.16 | 1982.09.18 |
1986.12.29 | |
| Julijans Vaivods | Latvia | 1895.08.08 | 1986.12.29 | 1990.05.24 aged 94 years, 279 days | |
| Henri de Lubac | France | 1896.02.20 | 1990.05.24 | 1991.09.04 aged 95 years, 196 days | |
| Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli | Italy | 1896.07.14 | 1991.09.04 | 1993.07.12 aged 95 years, 196 days | |
| Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei | China | 1901.01.01 | 1993.07.12 | 1994.11.26 | 2000.03.12 aged 98 years, 223 days |
| Mikel Koliqi | Albania | 1900.09.29 | 1994.11.26 | 1997.01.28 aged 96 years, 121 days | |
| Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei | China | 1901.08.02 | 1997.01.28 | 2000.03.12 aged 98 years, 223 days | |
| Corrado Bafile | Italy | 1903.07.04 | 2000.03.12 | 2005.02.03 aged 101 years, 214 days | |
| Johannes Willebrands | Natherlands | 1909.09.04 | 2005.03.02 | 2008.08.01 aged 96 years, 331 days | |
| Alfons Maria Stickler | Austria | 1910.08.23 | 2006.08.01 | 2007.12.12 aged 97 years, 111 days | |
| Paul Augustin Mayer | Germany | 1911.05.23 | 2007.12.12 | 2010.04.30 aged 98 years, 312 days | |
| Ersilio Tonini | Italy | 1914.07.20 | 2010.04.30 | 2013.07.28 | 2013.07.28 aged 99 years, 8 days |
| Fiorenzo Angelini | Italy |
1916.01.08 |
2013.07.28 | 2014.02.14 | 2014.11.22 aged 98 years, 113 days |
| Loris Francesco Capovilla | Italy | 1915.10.14 | 2014.02.14 | 2016.05.26 aged 100 years, 224 days | |
| José de Jesús Pimiento Rodriguez | Colombia | 1919.02.18 | 2016.05.26 | 2019.09.03 aged 100 years, 197 days | |
| Roger Etchegaray | France | 1922.09.05 | 2019.09.03 | 2019.09.04 aged 96 years, 344 days | |
| Albert Vanhoye | France | 1923.07.24 | 2019.09.04 | 2021.07.29 aged 98 years, 5 days | |
| Jozef Tomko | Slovakia | 1924.03.11 | 2021.07.29 | 2022.07.14 aged 98 years, 150 days | |
| Alexandre do Nascimento | Angola | 1925.03.01 | 2022.07.14 | Alive 99 years, 272 days | |
See Also
- List of Cardinals by Age (current)
- Cardinals by Death Date (who died at least 85 years old)
- Lists of Cardinals by death date
- List of current cardinals
- Hypothetical List of longest-living Cardinals
- List of longest-living state leaders
- Past longest-living cardinals
- Oldest and Longest-lived Cardinals by Country (born post-1800)