List of longest-living cardinals
This article lists the all-time 100 longest known living or deceased Members of the College of Cardinals, and whose ages are documented in reliable sources. Those currently living are in bold on gold. The longest-lived was Portuguese, Dom Jorge da Costa who lived to ages of 101 years 262 days to 102 years, 261 days. The Second longest-lived another Italian Cardinal Corrado Bafile who lived to 101 years, 214 days.
Gallery
Oldest ever:
Portugal
Jorge da Costa
cardinalate: 1476&ndash15082nd-oldest:
Italy
Corrado Bafile
Cardinalate:1976–20053rd-Oldest:
France
Loris Francesco Capovilla
cardinalate: 2014&nash;201611th-oldest ever:
Angola
Alexandre do Nascimento
cardinalate: 1983–present
List
- Key
Bold on gold are Cardinals currently living |
Rank | Cardinal | Country | Born | Died | Age at Death | Date Entered After |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jorge da Costa | Portugal | 1406 | 1508 | 101 years, 262 days to 102 years, 261 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
2 | Corrado Bafile | Italy | 1903 | 2005 | 101 years, 214 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
3 | Loris Francesco Capovilla | Italy | 1915 | 2016 | 100 years, 224 days | 22 February 2014 Aurelio Sasbattani |
4 | José de Jesús Pimiento Rodriguez | Colombia | 1919 | 2019 | 100 years, 197 days | 14 February 2015 Luigi Di Camossa |
5 | Luigi Ciacchi | Italy | 1765 | 1865 | 100 years, 123 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
6 | Ersilio Tonini | Italy | 1914 | 2013 | 99 years, 8 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
7 | Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir | Lebanon | 1920 | 2019 | 98 years, 362 days | 23 December 2009 Elia Dalla Costa and Édouard Gagnon (tied age) |
8 | Paul Augustin Mayer |
Germany |
1911 | 2010 | 98 years, 342 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
9 | Galeazzo Marescotti | Italy | 1627 | 1726 | 98 years, 275 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
10 | Alexandre do Nascimento | Angola | 1925 | Alive | 99 years, 244 days | 22 February 2016 José Tomás Sánchez |
11 | Jean-Baptist de Belloy | France | 1709 | 1808 | 98 years, 245 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
12 | Ignatius Kung Pin-mei | China | 1901 | 2000 | 98 years, 223 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
Franz König | Austria | 1905 | 2004 | 1 January 2008 Original | ||
14 | Jozef Tomko | Slovakia | 1924 | 2022 | 98 years 150 days | 11 December 2014 Anton Jozef Gruscha |
15 | Fiorenzo Angelini | Italy | 1916 | 2014 | 98 years, 113 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
16 | Albert Vanhoye, SJ | France | 1923 | 2021 | 98 years, 59 days | 21 January 2014 Urbano Navarrete Cortés S.J. |
17 | Paolo Dezza, S.J. | Italy | 1901 | 1999 | 98 years, 4 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
18 | Estanislao Esteban Karlic | Argentina | 1926 | Alive | 98 years, 267 days | 25 May 2017 Rainiero d'Elci |
19 | Alexandre José María dos Santos, O.F.M. | Mozambique | 1924 | 2021 | 97 years, 195 days | 8 January 2015 Amleto Giovanni Cicongani |
20 | Alfons Maria Stickler | Austria | 1910 | 2007 | 97 years, 111 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
21 | Henryk Gulbinowicz | Poland | 1923 | 2020 | 97 years, 30 days | 29 May 2014 Carlo Albero Guidobono Cavalchini |
22 | Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli, O.F.M. | Italy | 1896 | 1993 | 96 years, 363 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
23 | Roger Etchegaray | France | 1922 | 2019 | 96 years, 344 days | 13 January 2013 Marcelo Lante della Rovere |
24 | Emmanuel Wamala | Uganda | 1926 | Alive | 97 years, 321 days | 5 August 2018 Edward Clancy |
25 | Johannes Willebrands | Netherlands | 1909 | 2008 | 96 years, 331 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
26 | Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte | Italy | 1851 | 1948 | 96 years, 312 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
27 | Edward Cassidy | Australia | 1924 | 2021 | 96 years, 279 days | 4 June 2015 Giuseppe Carpio |
28 | Kazimierz Świątek | Belarus | 1914 | 2011 | 96 years, 273 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
29 | José da Costa Nuñes | Portugal | 1880 | 1976 | 96 years, 259 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
30 | Giovanni Canestri | Italy | 1918 | 2006 | 96 years, 211 days | 14 March 2008 Giovanni Colombo |
30 | Luis Pascual Dri OFMCap | Argentina | 1927 | Alive | 97 years, 197 days | 30 September 2023 Luigi Poggi |
32 | Domenico Bartolucci | Italy | 1917 | 2013 | 96 years, 188 days | 28 November 2010 Ángel Suquía Goicoechea |
33 | Adam Kozłowiecki, S.J. | Zambia | 1911 | 2007 | 96 years, 180 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
34 | Francisco Álvarez Martínez | Spain | 1925 | 2022 | 96 years, 175 days | 26 July 2015 Francesco Albizzi |
35 | Francesco Carafa di Trajetto | Italy | 1722 | 1818 | 96 years, 144 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
36 | Mikel Koliqi | Albania | 1900 | 1997 | 96 years, 121 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
37 | Francesco Morano | Italy | 1872 | 1968 | 96 years, 34 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
38 | Júlio Duarte Langa | Mozambique | 1927 | Alive | 97 years, 4 days | 29 July 2019 Ján Chryzostom Korec S.J. |
39 | Luigi De Magistris | Italy | 1926 | 2022 | 95 years 358 days | 14 July 2017 François de Rovérié de Cabrières |
40 | José Freire Falcão | Brazil | 1925 | 2021 | 95 years, 338 days | 15 November 2016 Patrick O'Boyle |
41 | Pietro Parente | Italy | 1891 | 1986 | 95 years, 316 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
42 | Achille Silvestrini | Italy | 1923 | 2019 | 95 years, 308 days | 9 June 2014 Silvio Oddi |
43 | Friedrich Wetter | Germany | 1928 | Alive | 96 years, 254 days | 28 July 2020 Jorge María Mejía |
44 | Agostino Cacciavillan | Italy | 1926 | 2022 | 95 years, 204 days | 10 December 2017 Pietro Pavan |
45 | Henri de Lubac, S.J. | France | 1896 | 1991 | 95 years, 196 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
46 | Paulo Evaristo Arns | Brazil | 1921 | 2016 | 95 years, 91 days | 18 August 2011 Paul Gouyon |
47 | Serafim Fernandes de Araújo | Brazil | 1924 | 2019 | 95 years, 56 days | 26 July 2015 Francesco Albizzi |
48 | Alberto Di Jorio | Italy | 1884 | 1979 | 95 years, 49 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
49 | Corrado Ursi | Italy | 1908 | 2003 | 95 years, 34 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
50 | Ernest Simoni | Albania | 1928 | Alive | 96 years, 13 days | 5 September 2020 Jozef Frings |
51 | Walter Brandmüller | Germany | 1929 | Alive | 95 years, 300 days | 8 March 2021 Carlos Carmelo Vasconcellos Motta |
52 | Michael Michai Kitbunchu | Thailand | 1929 | Alive | 95 years, 280 days | 19 April 2021 Andrea Lanza di Montemoozlo |
53 | Jorge Medina Estévez | Chile | 1926 | 2021 | 94 years, 284 days | 24 August 2018 Eugenio Sales |
54 | Julijans Vaivods | Latvia | 1895 | 1990 | 94 years, 279 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
55 | Carlos María de la Torre | Ecuador | 1873 | 1968 | 94 years, 259 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
56 | Louis-Albert Vachon | Canada | 1912 | 2006 | 94 years, 237 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
57 | Egano Righi-Lambertini | Italy | 1906 | 2000 | 94 years, 225 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
58 | Angelo Sodano | Italy | 1927 | 2022 | 94 years, 205 days | 14 September 2019 Leo Jozef Suenens |
59 | Gilberto Agustoni | Italy | 1922 | 2017 | 94 years, 171 days | 26 October 2012 Michelangelo Celesia |
60 | Eduardo Martínez Somalo | Spain | 1927 | 2021 | 94 years, 142 days | 4 December 2018 Stanisław Nagy S.C.I. |
61 | Giovanni Cheli | Italy | 1918 | 2013 | 94 years 122 days | 19 March 2008 Antonio Tosti |
62 | Giuseppe Sensi | Italy | 1907 | 2001 | 94 years, 60 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
63 | Marian Jaworski | Poland | 1926 | 2020 |
94 years 13 days |
8 March 2018 Enrique Pla y Deniel |
64 | Carlo Furno | Italy | 1921 | 2015 | 94 years, 7 days | 20 February 2012 Juan Francisco Fresno |
65 | Prosper Grech, O.S.A. | Malta | 1925 | 2019 | 94 years, 6 days | 21 January 2017 Gerald Emmett Carter |
67 | Roberto Tucci | Italy | 1921 | 2015 | 93 years, 360 days | 14 February 2011 Peter Porekuu Dery |
67 | Georges Cottier | Switzerland | 1922 | 2016 | 93 years, 341 days | 20 July 2012 Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez |
68 | John Carberry | United States | 1904 | 1998 | 93 years, 321 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
69 | Paolo Bertoli | Italy | 1908 | 2001 | 93 years, 280 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
70 | Opilio Rossi | United States | 1910 | 2004 | 93 years, 271 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
71 | Henri Albert de la Grange d'Arquien | France | 1613 | 1707 | 93 years, 258 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
72 | Adam Maida | United States | 1930 | Alive | 94 years, 227 days | 17 June 2022 Cahal Daly |
73 | Thomas Williams | United States | 1930 | Alive | 94 years, 225 days | 23 June 2022 Gabriel-Marie Garrone |
74 | Julian Herranz Casado | Spain | 1930 | Alive | 94 years, 214 days | 30 July 2022 Miguel Obando y Bravo |
75 | Vincenzo Vannutelli | Italy | 1836 | 1930 | 93 years, 216 days | 1 January 20081 January 2008 Original |
76 | José Manuel Estepa Llaurens | Spain | 1926 | 2019 | 93 years, 201 days | 12 March 2017 Yves Congar, O.P. |
77 | Giuseppe Firrao | Italy | 1736 | 1830 | 93 years, 188 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
78 | Jean Margéot | Mauritius | 1916 | 2009 | 93 years, 164 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
79 | Teodolfo Mertel | Italy | 1806 | 1899 | 93 years, 152 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
80 | Simon Pimenta | Italy | 1920 | 2013 | 93 years, 140 days | 26 September 2009 Maximos IV Sayegh |
81 | Paul Poupard | France | 1930 | Alive | 94 years, 62 days | 5 January 2023 Augusto da Silva |
82 | Salvatore De Giorgi | Italy | 1930 | Alive | 94 years, 55 days | 17 January 2023 Giuseppe Casoiria |
83 | František Tomášek | Czech Republic | 1899 | 1992 | 93 years, 35 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
84 | Alfredo Scherer | Brazil | 1903 | 1996 | 93 years, 33 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
85 | Giuseppe Pizzardo | Italy | 1877 | 1970 | 93 years, 19 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
86 | James Francis McIntyre | United States | 1886 | 1979 | 93 years, 14 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
Antonio Innocenti | Italy | 1915 | 2008 | |||
88 | Carlo Confalonieri | Italy | 1893 | 1986 | 93 years, 7 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
89 | Alessandro Verde | Italy | 1865 | 1958 | 93 years, 2 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
90 | Janis Pujats | Latvia | 1930 | Alive | 93 years, 352 days | 2 April 2023 Silvano Piovanelli |
91 | Julien Ries | Belgium | 1920 | 2013 | 92 years, 310 days | 18 February 2012 Ángel Suquía Goicoechea |
92 | Juan Carlos Aramburu | Argentina | 1912 | 2004 | 92 years, 281 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
93 | Camillo Ruini | Italy | 1931 | Alive | 93 years, 255 days | 3 September 2023 Maurice Feltin |
94 | Paolo Giobbe | Italy | 1880 | 1972 | 92 years, 217 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
94 | Sergio Sebastiani | Italy | 1931 | Alive | 93 years, 203 days | 18 September 2023 Luigi Poggi |
96 | Josyf Slipyj | Ukraine | 1892 | 1984 | 92 years, 203 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
Léon-Étienne Duval | Algeria | 1903 | 1996 | |||
98 | Jean Honoré | France | 1920 | 2013 | 92 years, 199 days | 4 May 2010 Paolo Marella |
99 | Joseph Asajirō Satowaki | Japan | 1904 | 1996 | 92 years, 189 days | 1 January 2008 Original |
100 | Lucian Mureșan | Romania | 1931 | Alive | 93 years, 161 days | 3 November 2023 Jose Maria Caro Rodriguez |
Next 10 Longest-living cardinals
Name | Country | Birth | Death | Current age | Date endred
After |
Age by
2023-12-31 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
José Saraiva Martins, CMF | Portugal | 1932 | Alive | 92 years, 299 days | 91 years, 359 days | |
Joseph Zen Ze-kiun, SDB | China (Hong Kong) |
1932 | Alive | 92 years, 292 days | 91 years, 352 days | |
James Francis Stafford | United States | 1932 | Alive | 92 years, 94 days | 91 years, 155 days | |
Gaudencio Rosales | Philippines | 1932 | Alive | 92 years, 82 days | 91 years, 143 days | |
Pedro Rubiano Sáenz | Colombia | 1932 | Alive | 92 years, 48 days | 91 years, 109 days | |
Francis Arinze | Nigeria | 1932 | Alive | 91 years, 365 days | 91 years, 60 days | |
Renato Martino | Italy | 1932 | Alive | 91 years, 343 days | 91 years, 38 days | |
Kelvin Edward Felix | Saint Lucia | 1933 | Alive | 91 years, 259 days | 90 years, 319 days | |
Walter Kasper | Germany | 1933 | Alive | 91 years, 240 days | 90 years, 301 days | |
Juan Sandoval Iñiguez | Mexico | 1933 | Alive | 91 years, 217 days | 90 years, 278 days |
Chronological list of Oldest living members of the College of Cardinals
Name | Country | Born | Time as Oldest |
---|---|---|---|
John Henry Newman | United Kingdom England |
21 February 1801–11 August 1890 89 years, 171 days |
–11 August 1890 (aged 89) ?? |
Teodolfo Mertel |
Italy |
9 February 1806–11 July 1899 aged 93 years, 152 days |
11 August 1890 (aged 84)–11 July 1899 (aged 93) 8 years, 334 days |
Luigi Di Canossa | 20 April 1809–2 March 1900 aged 90 |
11 July 1899 (aged 89)–2 March 1900 (aged 90) 244 days | |
Michelangelo Celesia | 13 January 1814&ndssh;14 April 1904 aged 90 years, 92 days |
12 March 1900 (aged 86)&ndssh;14 April 1904 (aged 90) 314 days | |
François-Marie-Benjamin Richard | France | 1 March 1819–27 January 1904 aged 88 years, 332 days |
14 April 1904 (aged 84)–27 January 1908 (aged 88) 3 years, 288 days |
Anton Josef Gruscha | Italy | 3 November 1820–5 August 1911 aged 90 years, 275 daya |
27 January 1908 (aged 87)–5 August 1911 (aged 90) 3 years, 190 days |
Alfonso Capecelatro | 5 February 1824–14 November 1912 aged 88 years, 283 days |
5 August 1911 (aged 87)–14 November 1912 (aged 88) 1 year, 101 days | |
Angelo di Pierto | 22 May 1828–14 November 1912 aged 86 years, 197 days |
14 November 1912 (aged 83)–5 December 1914 (aged 86) 2 years, 21 days | |
François de Cabrières | France | 30 August 1830–21 December 1921 aged 91 years, 113 days |
5 December 1914 (aged 84)–21 December 1921 (aged 91) 7 years, 16 days |
Giuseppe Prisco | Italy | 8 September 1833–4 February 1923 aged 89 years, 149 days |
21 December 1921 (aged 87)–4 February 1923 (aged 89) 1 year, 45 days |
Vincenzo Vannutelli | 5 December 1836–9 July 1930 aged 93 years, 216 days |
4 February 1923 (aged 86)–9 July 1930 (aged 93) 7 years, 155 days | |
Andreas Frühwirth | Austria | 21 August 1845–9 February 1933 aged 87 years, 172 days |
9 July 1930(aged 84)–9 February 1933 (aged 87) 2 years, 215 days |
Franz Ehrle | Germany | 17 October 1845–31 March 1934 aged 88 years, 165 days |
9 February 1933 (aged 87)–31 March 1933 (aged 88) 1 year, 54 days |
Pierre Andrieu | France | 7 December 1849–15 February 1935 aged 85 years, 70 days |
31 March 1934(aged 84)–15 February 1935 (aged 85) 321 days |
Gennaro Granito out Belmonte | Italy | 10 April 1851–16 February 1948 aged 96 years, 312 days |
15 February 1935(aged 83)–16 February 1951(aged 96) 13 years, 1 day |
Enrico Sibilia | 17 March 1861–4 August 1948 aged 87 years, 140 days |
16 February 1948 (aged 86)–4 August 1948 (aged 87) 170 days | |
Alessandro Verde | 27 March 1865–29 March 1958 aged 93 years, 2 days |
4 August 1948 (aged 83)–29 March 1958 (aged 93) 9 years, 237 days | |
Jose Maria Caro | Chile | 23 June 1866–4 December 1958 aged 92 years, 164 days |
29 March 1958 (aged 91)–4 December 1958 (aged 92) 1 year, 250 days |
Georges Grente | France | 5 May 1872–5 May 1959 aged 87 years, 0 days |
4 December 1958 (aged 86)–5 May 1959 (ages 87) 152 days |
Elia dala Costa | Italy | 14 May 1872–22 December 1961 aged 89 years, 222 days |
5 May 1959 (aged 86)–22 December 1961 (aged 89) 2 years, 231 daya |
Francesco Morano | 8 June 1872–12 July 1968 aged 96 years, 34 days |
22 December 1961 (aged 89)–12 July 1968 (aged 96) 6 years, 203 days | |
Carlos María de la Torre | Ecuador | 15 November 1873–31 July 1968 aged 94 years, 259 days |
12 July 1968 (aged 92)–31 July 1968 (aged 92) 19 days |
Augusto da Silva | Brazil | 8 April 1876–14 August 1968 aged 92 years, 128 days |
31 July 1968 (aged 92)–14 August 1968 (aged 92) 14 days |
Giuseppe Pizzardo | Italy | 13 July 1877–1 August 1973 aged 93 years, 19 days |
14 August 1968 (aged 91)–1 August 1973 (aged 93) 1 year, 352 days |
Benedetto Aloisi Masella | 29 June 1879–30 September 1970 aged 91 years, 93 days |
1 August 1970–30 September 1970 60 days | |
Paolo Giobbe | 10 January 1880–30 September 1970 aged 92 years, 217 days |
30 September 1970 (aged 90)–14 August 1972 (aged 92) 1 year, 319 days | |
José da Costa Nunes | Portugal | 15 March 1880–29 November 1976 (4 years, 107 days)
aged 96 years, 259 days |
14 August 1972 (aged 92) –29 November 1976(aged 96) 4 years, 107 days |
Alberto di Jorio | Italy | 18 July 1884–5 September 1979 aged 95 years, 49 days |
29 November 1976&ndssh;5 September 1979 4 years, 107 days |
Antonio Caggiano | Argentina | 30 January 1889–23 October 1979 aged 90 years, 266 days<> |
5 September 1979 (aged 90)–23 October 1979 48 days |
Carlos Carmelo Vasconcellos Motta | Brazil | 16 July 1890–18 September 1982 aged 92 years, 64 days |
23 October 1979 (aged 89)–18 September 1982 (aged 92) 2years, 326 days |
Pietro Parente | Italy | 16 February 1891–29 December 1986 aged 95 years, 356 days |
18 September 1982 (aged 91)–29 December 1986 (aged 95) 4 years, 102 days |
Julijans Vaivods | Latvia | 18 August 1895–24 May 1990 aged 94 years, 279 days |
29 December 1986 (aged 91)–24 May 1990 (aged 95) 3 years, 146 days |
Henri de Lubac | France | 20 February 1896–4 September 1991 aged 95 years, 196 days |
24 May 1990 (aged 94)–4 September 1991(aged 95) 1 year, 103 days |
Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli | Italy | 14 July 1896 - 4 September 1991 aged 95 years, 196 days |
4 September 1991–4 September 1991 (1 year, 103 days) |
Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei | China | 2 August 1901–12 March 2000 aged 98 years, 223 days |
4 September 1991–12 March 2000 3 years, 83 days |
Mikel Koliqi | Albania | 29 September 1900–28 January 1997 aged 96 years, 121 days |
26 November 1994–28 January 1997 2 years, 63 days |
Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei | China | 2 August 1901‐12 March 2000 aged 98 years, 223 days |
28 January 1997‐12 March 2000 3 years, 44 days |
Corrado Bafile | Italy | 4 July 1903‐3 February 2005 aged 101 years, 214 days |
12 March 2000‐3 February 2005 (4 years, 328 days) |
Johannes Willebrands | Natherlands | 4 September 1909‐1 August 2008 aged 96 years, 331 days |
3 February 2005‐1 August 2008 (1 year, 180 days) |
Alfons Maria Stickler | Austria | 23 August 1910‐12 December 2007 (1 year, 133 days) |
1 August 2006‐12 December 2007 97 years, 311 days |
Paul Augustin Mayer | Germany | 23 May 1911‐30 April 2010 aged 98 years, 312 days |
12 December 2007‐30 April 2010 (2 years, 139 days) |
Ersilio Tonini | Italy | 20 July 1914‐28 July 2013 (3 years, 89 days) |
30 April 2010‐28 July 2013 aged 99 years, 8 days |
Fiorenzo Angelini | 1 August 1916‐22 November 2014 aged 98 years, 113 days |
28 July 2013‐22 February 2014 (209 days) | |
Loris Francesco Capovilla | 14 October 1915‐6 May 2016 100 years, 224 days |
22 February 2014‐26 May 2016 (2 years, 94 days) | |
José de Jesús Pimiento Rodriguez | Colombia | 18 February 1919‐3 September 2019 aged 100 years, 197 days |
26 May 2016‐3 September 2019 (3 years, 100 days) |
Roger Etchegaray | France | 25 September 1922‐4 September 2019 aged 96 years, 344 days |
3 September 2019 (aged 96)–4 September 2019 (aged 96)(1 day) |
Albert Vanhoye | 24 July 1923–29 July 2021 98 years, 5 days |
4 September 2019–29 July 2021 (1 year, 328 days) | |
Jozef Tomko | Slovakia | 11 March 1924–14 July 2022 aged 98 years, 150 days |
29 July 2021 (aged 97)–14 July 2022 (1 year, 10 days) |
Alexandre do Nascimento | Angola | born 1 March 1925 99 years, 244 days |
8 August 2022(aged 97) 2 years, 70 days |
See Also
- List of Cardinals by Age (current)
- Cardinals by Death Date (who died at least 85 years old)
- Lists of Cardinals by death date
- List of current cardinals
- Hypothetical List of longest-living Cardinals
- List of longest-living state leaders
- Past longest-living cardinals
- List of Piston Cup Racing Series Champions-->|}